Climate Change: What Would Captain Kirk do? An evaluation of planetary mirror cooling.

 

"I don't believe in no-win scenarios." The young Captain Kirk was tasked to play the "Kobayashi Maru" training exercise, a simulation designed to test the character of Starfleet Academy cadets in a no-win scenario. He used lateral thinking and reprogrammed the system in such a way as to be able to solve the problem. Can we do something similar for the global climate problem?

They say that the universe is all a giant simulation that runs on some unseen extragalactic computer. If that were the case, it looks like the programmers are playing cat-and-mouse with us. We are in a true no-win situation: while all the planetary temperature records are being broken, people seem to be unable to think of anything else except killing each other in large numbers.

Can we find a way to exit this no-win planetary simulation? Captain Kirk, the captain of the Starship Enterprise, is said to have solved an impossible challenge in a training exercise by reprogramming the computer that ran it. But, in our case, we don't have the password to access the code of the Great Galactic Computer. Yet, we may still use lateral thinking to find creative solutions to the problem.

So far, we used a head-on approach: if the problem is fossil fuels, then we eliminate fossil fuels. Except that it doesn't work: we still need fossil fuels to keep society working. It is a typical no-win situation: stop using fossil fuels, and we die. Keep using fossil fuels, and we die. The best we can think of is to program the smooth substitution of fossils with renewables in a few decades. It could work, but, likely, it is already too late to avoid the worst. How did we place ourselves in such a situation? 

We need to work on other parameters of the system. If we could tamper with the Great Galactic Program, we could alter the sun's temperature or the Earth's distance from it. That we can't do, of course, but we can do something equivalent by partly shielding the Earth from sunlight. It is possible; what we need to do is to work on Earth's albedo, the fraction of sunlight that's reflected back into space. Increasing the albedo would cool the Earth and give us the time to create a new energy system that doesn't produce greenhouse gases. It is one of the several forms that geoengineering can take. 

But how to do that? There is no knob on Earth that regulates the albedo. We need to physically place something between the Earth and the sun that has a reflective fraction larger than that of the average Earth's surface. Where to place it? In orbit? In the stratosphere? Or at lower heights? By far, the simplest way to do that is by mirrors at the surface level, the level that we humans can reach. The idea has been proposed more than once, but it has been explored mostly by Dr. Ye Tao with his MEER (Mirrors for Earth's Energy Rebalancing) initiative. 

The idea could work if it were possible to cover with highly reflective mirrors a truly large fraction of Earth's surface. In the MEER site, we read that we need 2.4% of the total surface (500 million km2). Which is about 12 million square km. Huge. Incredibly huge. It is larger than the whole Sahara desert (ca. 9 million km2). Larger than the whole US (10 million km2). That doesn't mean the whole Sahara should be paneled with mirrors, nor should the US be depopulated to leave space for mirrors. But the impact would be large. It would change the Earth as we know it.  

The total cost would be about 20-30 trillion dollars, assuming that the mirrors could cost a few dollars per m2. Considering that the world's GDP is around 1000 trillion dollars, we are speaking of about 1-2 trillion dollars per year over ten years. Every year, a sum equivalent to the total GDP of Italy would have to be spent in mirrors only. 

In terms of human engagement, it means more than 1,000 square meters of mirrors per person. Not the kind of thing that can be done at the individual level. Agricultural land needs to be used, about 24% of the currently used land. Of course, the proponents are not proposing to replace cropland with mirrorland. They are thinking of an integration of agriculture and their mirrors which may not affect agricultural productivity, especially in tropical regions. But it is something that needs to be proven before it can be used on a large scale. 

Honestly, it is too expensive, too big, too impacting. Given the current state of the memesphere, it is unthinkable to find a worldwide agreement to plunk down so much money and have so much impact in order to solve a problem that many people still consider as non-existing. Actually, that many consider a hoax imposed on them by the red-green cabal to turn them into slaves.  

Correctly, the proponents of the MEER idea are focusing more on the local advantages of mirrors. Reflective surfaces can be a big help to cool buildings; they are less expensive than photovoltaic panels, reducing the need for air conditioning. Mirrors might also be useful in agriculture to shade the land and improve productivity. From there, the idea may grow and provide a certain degree of planetary cooling, favoring social engagement in the problem. Giving people something practical to do to fight global warming would be a big improvement over the typical activist strategy (a la Greta Thunberg) that consists of stomping down one's feet while screaming, "Someone do something!"

But to cool the planet fast, well, we need something less expensive and quicker to deploy. What would Captain Kirk do?

Hat tip: CAJ

Geoengineering: it is coming!

 

The trend is still weak, but it looks already clear. The interest in geoengineering is growing. The reason is obvious, just take a look at these recent data:

And it really looks like all hell is breaking loose. We can't say, yet, where we are passing one of the deadly climate tipping points that will kill us all, but for sure, climate change is not anymore something that our grandchildren will be concerned about. Not even a problem for our children. It is our problem. It is here and now. 

So, what to do? It is no more the time of talks, and talks, and talks. It is time to recognize that the COP series of conferences has been one of the worst failures in the history of humankind, probably worse than the attempts to mitigate the famine on Eastern Island by building large stone heads. Or to create a proletarian paradise in the Soviet Union. 

One good thing we have is that renewable energy is doing very well. It is growing fast and it gives us a chance to have the means to intervene. But renewables, by themselves, can't turn back the climate clock. They can reduce emissions and bring them to zero in a few decades, but the damage done may already be above the safety limits. We need to think in terms of emergency: we need to cool the planet while we still can do that. 

The idea of "climate engineering" is still in its infancy, and it is much maligned for various reasons. But it is a definite hope we have for the near future. Among many ongoing discussions, you may be interested in a new group called the "Blue Cooling Initiative" (BCI).  It is a sign of the changes to come. 

See also this previous post of mine. 

Electric Cars as a Gift from God

 

An electric car on display at the WDCC (World Design Cities Conference) in Shanghai, Sept 2023. Not the finger of God pointing at it. Such a display is nearly inconceivable in the West, where the fossil lobby is mounting a strong propaganda campaign against everything renewable or "green."

China is different for many reasons, but one is how they see technology. Unlike the Western attitude, which has come to see science and technology as inherently evil, the Chinese have a sane attitude that sees technology as something useful for people. Hence, the emphasis is on renewable energy and electric cars. At the WDCC Conference, my colleagues told me that they are convinced that photovoltaic energy is a gift that China is making to the whole world that will usher a new age of prosperity and a new culture of sustainability for everyone. 

Not everything that China does agrees with this goal, and they still rely on coal for their energy supply. But the idea is there, and you know that when the Chinese decide that they want to do something, they usually succeed. And I think they will with this one!

And, as you can see, the views in the West on electric cars are different.

  

 

The Fracking "Miracle" Explained. Could it be Done Again?

 

An image from Louis Delannoy's thesis presentation at the INRIA in Grenoble on Sep 15, 2023. Louis (you see him at the bottom left of the picture) worked on modeling the energy transition using models that took EROEI (energy return of energy invested) explicitly into account. The results are in line with what we already know: the transition is possible but not easy. However, Delannoys' approach to the calculations led to several interesting insights. One is about how tight oil revolutionized the oil market in the 2010s. It turns out that shale oil was a small technological miracle. Can it be repeated? A crucial question for the future of humankind. The following text is inspired by Delannoy's thesis, although it reports personal reflections of mine. 

"Game Changer" is an abused term, but it perfectly applies to the impact of fracking on the oil market in the 2010s. While the experts mostly agreed that the decline in the US oil production was definitive, unexpectedly, the market was flooded with the new "tight oil" or "shale oil" produced by "fracking," which by now exceeds the production of conventional oil in the US by a ratio higher than 60%/40%. Tight oil production is still increasing in the US, and it may continue increasing for at least a few years, although at increasing extraction costs.  (image source)

The success of the tight oil operation raises several questions: Why was it so successful? Why didn't it arrive earlier? Why wasn't it predicted? How long will it last? Can it be replicated outside the US?  

The biophysical view of oil extraction assumes that the "easy" resources (that is, the low-cost ones) are extracted first. These are the resources that provide the highest EROI (energy return for energy invested) and those that provide the highest economic return. As these resources are depleted, the extraction effort moves to lower EROI and hence more expensive resources. Prices must be increased to maintain profit, and that negatively affects the demand. The result is the familiar, bell-shaped "Hubbert Curve." (here seen as an illustration from the original 1956 paper by Marion King Hubbert).

It was because of this view that, in the 2000s, many energy modelers tended to dismiss shale oil as a short-lived fad. When the industry started extracting it the reaction was that, since shale oil came much after the start of the decline of conventional oil, it must be a last-ditch attempt to extract from low EROI resources. Indeed, the complexity and sophistication of the machinery needed for the various operations of shale oil drilling are impressive. You would think that the whole Rube Goldberg machine is inefficient and expensive, an impression reinforced by the multiple statements in the financial media that investors mostly didn't make any money on fracking. 

But that doesn't seem to be the case. Take a look at the table at the beginning of this post. While conventional crude in the US now has an EROI of around 10 at the wellhead, the estimate reported by Delannoy from a paper by Brandt et al. is around 30 for shale oil, again at the wellhead. Do not place too much trust in these numbers; they are affected by large uncertainties. But they go straight in the face of the simplified biophysical model that sees extraction moving smoothly from high EROI to low EROI resources. 

So, what's happened? Well, it is one of the rules of the universe that "God chooses the foolish things to confound the wise (1 Corinthians 1:27). The wise, aka the "experts," tend to focus on what they know and dismiss what they don't know. The record of experts in understanding technological revolutions is extremely poor. In the energy field, they tend to put a lot of trust in "new technologies," but almost always, they bet on the wrong ones, e.g., hydrogen. In parallel, they miss the true revolutions, such as shale oil. 

Even recently, experts are totally unable to believe or understand the new game-changer, photovoltaic energy, which now has an EROI large enough to trash all fossil alternatives. Most experts are not familiar with photovoltaic technology. They just cannot understand how an apparently simple gray slab can compete and outmatch the giant steam turbines operated by a huge nuclear plant. Fortunately, efficient technologies tend to affirm themselves by the pure force of their efficiency. It happened for shale oil; it is happening for photovoltaics. We are watching changes happening even though we often don't understand them. As usual, the future decides for us. 

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A few more points to consider

1. The rise of tight oil is sometimes used to po-pooh biophysical modeling and the Hubbert curve. That's a bad mistake. The biophysical model is good, it is perfectly describing what happened in the US during the past 20 years if you take into account the high EROI of shale oil. Technology is one of the factors that can change the game: airplanes do not invalidate Newton's universal gravitation law. 

2. Tight oil was a success, but that doesn't mean it is a good thing, nor that it will last forever. It keeps us dependent on liquid fuels and postpones the badly needed transition to renewable energy. Fortunately, even this high-EROI resource can't last forever. Despite some optimistic claims of "centuries of prosperity," it is likely to peak and start declining in the coming few years. 

3. The story that investors didn't make any money on shale oil is a little more difficult to understand. If shale oil has such a good EROI, how can it be that people didn't profit from it? Tentatively, it can be explained by assuming that profits were nearly completely reinvested into new drilling. Note, indeed, how steep is the growth curve of shale oil production. Apparently, investors have been waiting for shale oil to gain a stable place in the market before starting to go for profits. We read in financial journals that most investors declared that they are now stopping to pour money into new shale wells, focusing now on maximizing profits. It may be one of the reasons for the recent rise in our prices, 

3. It is a good thing that the EROI of liquid-producing technologies alternative to shale oil, such as Coal to Liquids (CTL) and Gas to Liquids (GTL), have such a low EROI (look at the image from Delannoy's thesis above). It means that when tight oil starts declining, we won't see a rush to synfuels (thanks, God!). We may see an attempt to move to tar sands, but even in that case, the EROI is probably too low to repeat the shale oil miracle. 

4. There remains an open question in a geopolitical context. Why is it that tight oil is extracted only (or almost only) in the US? Clearly, the US industry has developed efficient technologies for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. But these are not so complex that they cannot be replicated elsewhere, and the US industry itself may be interested in applying them in other countries. So, why, for instance, isn't Russia developing the Bazhenov Formation, located in western Siberia? According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the total Bazhenov shale prospective area has tight oil resources of more than one trillion barrels. Maybe it is an exaggeration (these estimates often are), but it is a huge amount that corresponds to about 30 years of consumption at the current rates. There are many other potential resources of tight oil in the world but none is exploited at a significant rate. This geopolitical game is destined to remain a mystery for now, and we can only hope that the photovoltaic revolution will soon make liquid fuels obsolete.

Louis Delannoy at his thesis discussion on Sep 15th, 2023, in Grenoble. He wears a "Limits to Growth" t-shirt (you can buy one yourself on Zazzle). 

 

Debating Renewables: the Clash of the Straw Men

 

(image Created by Dall-E)

There has to be some reason why we tend to polarize every issue and divide ourselves into two opposite fields engaged in a struggle of strawmen. And yet, we keep praising the "open debate" even though we know that it doesn't work, it never worked, and perhaps never will. 

Try it with renewable energy. You state that renewables are a good technology to produce energy, and you are immediately submerged by a tsunami of criticism from angry people who accuse you of wanting to destroy the planet and starve people to death in the impossible attempt to keep the economy growing. On the other side of the debate, some people really think that "sustainable development" is really nothing different from the good, old economic growth, except that it is painted in green.

Is it possible to strike a middle way? Marco Raugei, a scientist working on renewable energy, puts forward a plea for understanding each other in a recent paper published on "Biophysical Economics." With the prudence typical of the scientist, Raugei starts with, "There appears to be a growing polarization." My gosh! Marco, did you really say "there appears to be"???  But the paper makes a very simple point, unfortunately almost always obscured in the clash of the titanic strawmen. It is that it is perfectly possible to use renewable energy to replace fossil fuels, but the resulting world will not be the same as it is today. And this possibility doesn't free us from the constraints that a finite world poses on economic growth. So simple, and so impossible to understand!

Let me propose to you a few excerpts from Raugei's paper:  

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From: 

Addressing a Counterproductive Dichotomy in the Energy Transition Debate

By Marco Raugei, Biophysical economics, 8, Article number: 4 (2023)

...several academic authors have increasingly positioned themselves (either explicitly or implicitly, but often equally unmistakably) within either of two seemingly ideological “camps.” These may be broadly characterized as, respectively, that of the “systemic pessimists” (i.e., authors who champion concepts such as carrying capacity, overpopulation, overshoot, peak oil, and peak resources, but who often downplay or even dismiss the potential of renewable energies) and that of the “technological optimists” (i.e., authors who mostly tend to focus on the rapid advancements in renewable energy technologies and the promise that these hold to decarbonize future societies, while often failing to address the broader context of other bio-physical planetary limits). While proponents of both camps often bring valid arguments and evidence to the table to support their viewpoints, they often seem to summarily dismiss the arguments and evidence put forth by the other camp, thereby ultimately allowing the discourse to degenerate into an unhelpful and, arguably, un-scientific “us vs. them” contest.

In the 1970s, the Club of Rome (a group of current and former politicians, United Nations administrators, diplomats, scientists, economists, and business leaders from around the globe) commissioned the famous report “The limits to growth” (Meadows et al. 1972), in which the consequences of unconstrained population and economic growth were quantitatively investigated by means of a computer model based on five key interdependent variables: population, agricultural production, non-renewable resource depletion, industrial output, and pollution generation. Widespread and long-lasting debate and controversy ensued on many details about the model structure, parameters, and assumptions, but the key message was clear, and it was essentially found to still hold by several other authors who reviewed and updated the calculations (Bardi 2011; Herrington 2020; Hall 2022): the Earth’s system is incapable of supporting infinite population and economic growth because of the finite nature of its natural resources.

More recently, a range of authors have taken it upon themselves to reaffirm these fundamental concepts within the specific context of future energy scenarios. But a new dimension to the discussion had been added in the interim, as various independent studies, often based on life cycle assessments (LCA), had started to appear, pointing to high energy return on investment (EROI) of renewable energies, and specifically photovoltaics (PVs). By some, these results were interpreted as undermining the very foundations of the concepts discussed above, for if renewable energy were indefinitely viable then perhaps the “limits to growth” could be postponed indefinitely. As a result, what was originally a discussion about finite resources in a more general sense, started turning into much more specific arguments about issues like what is the proper EROI for PVs and/or other renewables; broadly speaking, the debate on the ultimate possibilities of renewable energies became unhelpfully conflated with whether or not there are limits to growth.

In fact, some of these authors (e.g., Seibert and Reese 2021) have tended to paint renewable energies as a pernicious distraction from the key issue of global overshoot of the Earth’s carrying capacity, therefore also brushing aside any suggestion of renewable energies’ ability to significantly reduce global warming and environmental degradation (vs. the continued use of fossil fuels). ... “technological optimistic” authors may have studiously and rigorously investigated the potential of renewable energies to deliver modern societies from the grip of fossil fuels, but they have failed to consider the wider issues that would continue to affect the world, even in a future world largely supported by renewable energies. In fact, the hitherto dominating paradigm of unfettered growth in material consumption and rampant exploitation of many natural and ecosystem resources is incompatible with fundamental bio-physical constraints (Rockström et al. 2009; Steffen et al. 2015), and it remains ultimately unsustainable irrespective of which energy resources are used to power it.

...the current polarization of views points to a false dichotomy that risks devaluing both positions, and it trivializes what should instead be the most important research questions of all, namely: to which extent a more sustainable future is indeed possible, and which systemic changes (including, but not limited to, phasing out fossil fuels) will be required to achieve it. ... Ultimately, it is high time to admit that both sets of core arguments loosely ascribed in this article to the two opposed ideological “camps” are probably simultaneously true, to some extent at least. And from this simple realization follows what should have been obvious all along, i.e., that adopting a more balanced “middle way” approach is the only truly sensible way forward for a healthy and genuinely scientific debate. 

The complete paper by Marco Raugei is available at this link

The Latest Data about Oil Production: Those Pesky Naked Apes are not Giving up their Addiction to Fossil Fuels.

 

The updated peak oil model proposed by Ron Patterson in his blog. The data are in million barrels (Mb) per day. Production stubbornly refuses to decline, and we may have a few years more before it finally peaks and starts going down.

Fossil fuels stubbornly refuse to die. The latest data reported in the excellent site "Peak Oil Barrel" summarizes the situation as it is now. The world oil production of "crude + condensate" (C+C) has nearly returned to the pre-COVID levels, may surpass them in 2025, and keep growing until 2028. Note that this is "conventional" oil; if we include "all liquids," and in particular tight oil, the amounts produced increase, but the peak date doesn't change much.

These data show that the global production of liquid fuels may stay for a few more years at levels near 100 Mb/day. Not only may oil production remain at the highest levels ever seen in history, but the same is true for the other two main fossil fuels: coal and natural gas (you can see some recent data in Gail Tverberg's blog). 

At the beginning of the current century, it was believed that geological and economic constraints would lead to reaching the maximum oil production ("peak oil") before the end of the 2nd decade of the century. But those estimates didn't consider how desperate the need for liquid fuel was. The result was an ace up the sleeve called "tight oil" or "shale oil." It was unexpected: most experts thought that shale oil was too expensive to have a role in the market. It didn't matter: shale oil production was financed and supported even though it required enormous investments in terms of resources. As a result, oil prices rose to levels considered unthinkable a few decades before, incidentally beggaring a large number of people. Among other things, shale oil allowed the United States to keep playing the Emperor of the Hill. 

How about the future? What we see in Patterson's graphs are model-based extrapolations with all the uncertainties involved. In particular, the model considers a symmetric production curve, with the decline mirroring growth. But that's not necessarily true. Any global shock, such as another pandemic, a major financial crash, or a large war, could cause production to plummet rapidly, giving the curve the "Seneca Shape" -- that is, with the decline much faster than growth. 

On the other hand, we cannot exclude another parting shot by the fossil industry. After seeing what they could do with tight oil, we cannot dismiss the possibility of a move to synthetic fuels manufactured from coal. The technology is known; coal is still relatively abundant, so it could be done. That would be a true Derringer up the sleeve, leading to several more years of production of liquid fuels at the current level. 

We have to face reality: the naked apes of planet Earth are not going to give up their addiction to crude oil. Not so soon, anyway. Dire climate scenarios, international treaties, or individual goodwill do not seem to affect the attempt to keep producing fossil fuels as much as possible, as fast as possible, up to the last drop of oil or the last lump of coal. Indeed, governments are specializing in a form of doublespeak that they use to proclaim that they care about reducing carbon emissions while at the same time encouraging the fossil industry to produce more ("green coal," anyone?)

So, what's going to happen? One possible scenario is that we simply keep going along the curves of Patterson's models. In this case, we have at least a few more years left to keep the world's economic system alive, even though ordinary people will all be progressively poorer because of the increasing energy costs to produce energy (declining EROI). Nevertheless, that could result in a certain degree of stability that would allow the deployment of a significantly large renewable infrastructure. In some 30 years projections indicate that it would be possible to sustain the global economy (or a smaller version of it) wholly on renewable energy. Would that be fast enough to save us from the collapse of the ecosystem? Probably not, since the collapse is already ongoing. In the case of a rush to synfuels, then, an ecosystemic collapse would be surely unavoidable. Besides involving a disastrous increase in carbon emissions, synfuels would subtract precious resources from the task of building a renewable infrastructure. In this case, the Derringer up the sleeve would be used to shoot oneself. 

Another scenario involves the deployment of geoengineering on a massive scale to avoid the most damaging consequences of global warming on the economy. The uncertainties are enormous, but, if it were to work, it would give humankind some time to apply the "Sower's Strategy," allocating a sufficient fraction of the remaining fossil energy to the move to renewables.

There are other possible scenarios: one is the "transition to panic," according to Schlesinger's principle ("humans have only two modes of operation: complacency and panic"). Panic could be generated by growing evidence of the ongoing climate catastrophe. That might finally lead to a serious effort to curb the use of fossil fuels or, more likely, to more sophisticated doublespeak about green coal. Conversely, panic about a collapsing economy could lead to a backlash against renewable energy, accused of being the culprit of whatever disaster befalls humankind. After reading comments of people seriously claiming that induction stoves have been purposefully designed to starve them to death, anything can happen. And that, obviously, would lead humankind straight into a climate catastrophe.

As usual, the future is uncertain and always surprising. The only certain thing is that we are going to see enormous changes, and those changes may be bad, but they are also opportunities. The "Seneca Cliff" always involves a "Seneca Rebound" that may allow us to shape human society in a way that does not fight the ecosystem but adapts to it: the "Sunflower Paradigm." 

Energy too Cheap to Meter. A Comment by Christian Breyer on the Future of Renewables

 

A picture I took a few days ago of the sun setting behind the chimney of a house in central Tuscany. The sun is the ultimate source of energy for us, and it comes for free! Too cheap to meter.

Last year, I published a post on "The Sunflower Paradigm" blog where I discussed the sun as a "nuclear plant in space," the embodiment of the old concept of "energy too cheap to meter" that was expressed during the euphoria of the nuclear age, in the 1950s.

The low cost of the current generation of solar and wind energy makes it possible to return to that old concept. We don't need to bother with complex, expensive, and dangerous nuclear reactors on the Earth surface. We can use a nuclear fusion plant located in space; the sun. It works, it is already there, it costs nothing, and we now have good technologies to convert the energy it creates into electricity. It is cheap energy. Not yet "too cheap to meter" but moving in that direction. Look at these impressive data:

Unfortunately, many people (including opinion leaders and decision-makers) seem to have entered a negative psychological loop that pushes them to deny the usefulness of renewable energy and wait instead for impossible miracles, well knowing that they will not arrive. It is discussed, among others, by Glenn Albrecht in his book "Earth Emotions, " where he says

" When life becomes intolerable and there seems to be no way out, prayers and desperate hope for a final end, so that we might start all over, beckon. The nonbelievers in "rapture" religion simply engage in disaster euphoria, take drugs, and drink more."

So, I thought that the readers of this blog may be interested in the comment on the concept that I proposed that I received from Christian Breyer about this Christian is Professor for Solar Economy at LUT University, Finland. one of the foremost researchers in the field. is his comment, published with his kind permission and with a few minor edits to improve clarity. 

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Christian Breyer wrote:


Ugo, first of all, many thanks for your initiative.

Personally, I do not like much the wording ‘fusion power’ since it has a legacy of decades-old promises without any relevance for reality due to ongoing failures – why solar energy should be downgraded by such a bad reputation? That may be only my personal thoughts, since ‘fusion power’ (on earth) is nice wishful thinking, and, in the end, great research for high-temperature physics at its edges and respective material science, but has no relevance for energy supply. In case it might be successful, then it would be available at a time when the (solar & wind) powered global energy system has helped to survive the climate emergency. In any case, with all cost estimates as of today for a non-existing technology, it seems to be not competitive at all, since a 100% renewable energy system based largely on solar and wind will cost the same or less, but with a technology that can be handled by all countries globally, in particularly in the Global South, where most the additional energy demand will arise.

As a physicist, I fully agree that you are right 😉 and the fusion power of our sun is the way forward (among some other solutions). There may be another less helpful misunderstanding: solar power plants in space for sending energy on earth (space solar power). This option is nicely discussed from time to time, but chances are high that it will be never introduced at large, finally due to costs (higher than on earth) and the risk (destroyed due to all the garbage in the orbit and attacks due to warfare – we learn right now that nuclear threat in warfare is no theory but brutal reality).

We are now in year 47 of 100% renewable energy systems research. The following is really important:

Base load demand: will exist as long as a civilization is using electricity

Base generation demand: is something of the past of a fossil-nuclear energy system which is NOT required in an energy system based on solar and wind energy and modern technology options utilizing flexibility which is available in large quantities, and, NOT compromising energy services at all (for instance shown here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221007167; in more conceptual detail here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261920316639, or here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421831288X).

Modern energy system analyses are done in hourly resolution with real weather data and real demand data, so that it can be easily checked how a system has to be designed in such a way that it works properly at all hours of the year.

For those who still think that base generation would be impossible (or required) – we have even prepared a scientific paper in which this is shown on the based on solar and wind power (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118466). The PhD student couldn't understand why such a ‘nonsense’ as base generation should be even published, since in state-of-the-art scientific publications, it has been shown in hundreds of papers that it is not required. However, for the debates on the topic, it helps to show that it will not be required, but even that could be done (BTW, for substantially less cost than new nuclear power …).

This is also discussed and embedded in a topical review on 100% renewable energy systems research as recently published (a bit more below): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9837910

RethinkX: Be aware that the oversimplified approach of Seba et al. is dangerous and makes only sense for those who have little clue about a real energy system. Why? An energy system based on solar-wind-batteries (and nothing more) is NOT stable and will NOT work for an uninterrupted electricity supply. I strongly suggest getting the RethinkX ideas published in a scientific journal, so that all the limitations of the oversimplification are made transparent.

The literature review on EROI in the linked Earth4All document is very good and worth reading. The fundamental impact of the learning rates is well presented, BUT a real energy system is MUCH more complex than the oversimplification indicates.

A more realistic approach is close, as around 90% of all electricity could be from solar and wind power, and about 95% of all storage could come from batteries, as shown in this paper (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08855-1), BUT, the lacking discussion on the difference to 100% is the reason why skeptics may believe that a solar and wind-powered system would not work (… “in hours of lack of sun and wind” …). A variety of smaller solutions enable the low-cost and stable 100% renewable solution. The much-discussed sector coupling (also called smart energy system) comes on top and further reduces the energy system cost. Again, more food for thought and references in the above-linked topical review article.

Outlook:

I do not want to be pessimistic, there is much indication to welcome a bright future.

In a recent review article, researchers from 15 universities (several are here on this list) have summarized the state-of-the-art of 100% renewable energy systems research:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9837910

(overview on the roots of the discipline, development of publications, relevant global studies, regular criticism and the response [EROI, materials, variability, costs, a.o.] and a research outlook) – 400+ references are provided for further reading, and the knowledge of several key researchers in the field is aggregated, also representing the 5 teams with the most published articles in the field – while the emphasis was high to be as inclusive and balanced as possible when it comes to technologies, approaches, discourses and specific topics of relevance.

We have all in our hands to create a truly sustainable civilization, as for the first time humans have the technology and means to enable a world of energy wealth for all humans by the end of this century. This even implies the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere, as it would be energetically affordable, and sustainably doable (although not with BECCS). There seems to be no fundamental show-stopper as long as (sustainable) renewable resources are used and a circular economy is the basis of our activities.

Best regards,

Christian